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  • HOME
  • ABOUT
    • Mission and Vision Statement
    • Equality and Diversity Policy
    • Annual Report
    • BSBO Board of Directors
    • BSBO Staff
    • BSBO's Visitors' Center >
      • Visit BSBO
      • Anna Macke Mikolajczyk Window On Wildlife
      • John Gallagher Memorial Birding Trail
    • eNews
    • BSBO Videos >
      • BSBO's 20th Anniversary by Deb Neidert
    • BSBO Blogs >
      • Kenn Kaufman's Crane Creek - Magee Birding Blog
      • BSBO Bird Bander's Blog
      • BSBO Education and Outreach Blog
    • Contact Us
  • Support BSBO
    • Donate
    • Join or Renew
    • Sponsor A Mist Net
    • Year-End Appeal
    • Help BSBO while you shop
    • Our Wish List
    • Birds and Business Alliance
  • RESEARCH
    • Peer-Reviewed Publications
    • Passerines >
      • Passerine Research
      • Prothonotary Warbler Research
      • Building Collision Study
      • Oak Openings
    • Project SNOWstorm >
      • About Project SNOWstorm
      • Meet Buckeye
      • Meet Wolverine
    • Northern Saw-whet Owls
    • Research Highlights >
      • Gray-Cheeked Thrush from Colombia, South America
      • BSBO Bird Bander's Blog
    • Past Research >
      • Colonial Wading Birds
      • Ohio Winter Bird Atlas
      • Shorebirds
    • Reports >
      • Navarre Marsh Annual Banding and Survey Data
      • Annual Project Reports
    • Research Volunteer Form
    • Research Volunteer Page
  • EDUCATION
    • Bird Migration Profiles
    • Family Activities >
      • Free Online Resources
    • Young Birders >
      • Ohio Young Birders Club
      • Young Birders Network
      • Youth Birding Camps
    • Teachers >
      • Songbird Banding and Migration Programs
      • Students Against Balloon Releases
    • Group Programs >
      • Presentations by Request
    • BSBO Bird Knowins
  • Conservation
    • BioBlitzes
    • Bird-safe / Birder-friendly Communities
    • Responsible Wind Energy
    • Conservation Updates
    • Position Statement on Feral and Free-Ranging Cats
    • Habitat Designations
    • Easy Ways for YOU to Support Conservation
    • Breeding Bird Surveys
  • EVENTS & ACTIVITIES
    • Birds at Home
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  • NW OHIO BIRDING
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Tyrant Flycatchers ​Tyrannidae

About tyrant flycatchers in nw ohio
Appropriate to their name, flycatchers can often be seen perching upright on an exposed branch in open areas or forests, before quickly sallying or flying out to catch an insect in midair. While a limited number occur in the US and Canada, the tyrant flycatchers are actually the largest family of birds in the Americas, with over 400 species. Many of the flycatchers occurring in Ohio are fairly plain with olive, yellow, gray, or black plumage, and are limited to eyerings and wingbars for adornment. 

Breeding and migration habitat selection by flycatchers is varied but specific to species, and includes scrubby fields, forested rivers, and open forests. All but one of the flycatchers that occur in Ohio spend their winters in Central and South America. The Eastern Phoebe is the only flycatcher in the eastern US to have a year round status in some states and to winter along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Because of this, phoebes are the first to arrive in Ohio and the last to leave. 

The majority of our other flycatchers occur predominantly in mid-May to early June when flying insects become readily available. Just as the phoebe is the first to arrive and last to leave, the other flycatchers that arrived late in spring are the first to leave in fall.

Due to identical plumages between male and female, and much overlap in size, limited sexing data are available for each of the flycatchers presented. However, analyzing each species’ timing graph in spring (when movements between males and females of most bird species are more apparent) reveals many of the flycatchers showing bimodal peaks, suggesting timing differences between the sexes as in other songbirds.    
Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus
Alpha Code: GCFL
Spanish: Copetón Viajero
French: Tyran huppé

Band Size: 1A ~ 1B

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 661
Average Banded in Spring: 22

Total Banded in Fall: 38
Average Banded in Fall: 1 
Song: burry, two-part dawn song whee-ew and commonly heard loud, buzzy wheep call​

Description: Brownish-olive above with yellow underparts. Gray face and throat. Rufous tail and wings. Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Second wave, with an initial surge of birds around May 10 and a steady movement of birds occurring May 11 through June 1. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Mostly early migrant with the peak movement of total birds occurring August 21 through September 14.

Migration Habitat: Canopy-dweller of contiguous or open forests and groves; also forest edges and clearings; sometimes backyards.
Picture
Picture
GCFL Spring/Fall
GCFL Spring/Fall
GCFL Spring/Fall
GCFL Spring/Fall
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus
Alpha Code: EAKI
Spanish: Tirano de Dorso Negro
French: Tyran tritri

Band Size: 1B

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 148
Average Banded in Spring: 5

Total Banded in Fall: 59
Average Banded in Fall: 2
Song: sharp, buzzy dawn-song kit kit kit kit zeer and commonly heard buzzy, explosive zeet call​

Description: Gray-black above with white underparts; head and tail blacker than back. White tail tip. Bright orange crown stripe often concealed. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Primarily second wave, with birds first appearing in late April and early May, and the peak of total birds occurring May 12-27. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Early and condensed with the majority of birds departing by September and the peak of total birds occurring
​August 24-28. 

Migration Habitat: Wide variety of open habitats including forest edges and clearings, marsh edges, roadsides, and tallgrass prairies. 
Picture
Picture
EAKI Spring/Fall
EAKI Spring/Fall
EAKI Spring/Fall
EAKI Spring/Fall
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi
Alpha Code: OSFL
Spanish: Pibí Boreal
French: Moucherolle à côtés olive

Band Size: 1B ~ 1

NW Ohio Status: Migrant-uncommon

Total Banded in Spring: 54
Average Banded in Spring: 2

Total Banded in Fall: 6
Average Banded in Fall: <1
Song: emphatic quick, three-beers!

​Description: Sooty gray above with a hint of olive and whitish underparts. Gray sides to breast resemble a vest. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Mostly third wave, with occasional birds occurring in early May and the peak of total birds passing through May 18-29.
​Fall Migration Timing: Insufficient data to graph. 

Migration Habitat: Semi-open areas near forests and forest edges (particularly near water), typically perching out in the open on a high, dead branch.

Notes: Although a breeder well north of Ohio, OSFL seldom occur in the region during spring migration and occurrences are even rarer in fall. 
Picture
OSFL Spring/Fall
OSFL Spring/Fall
OSFL Spring/Fall
OSFL Spring/Fall
Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens
Alpha Code: EAWP
Spanish: Pibí Oriental
French: Pioui de l’Est

Band Size: 0A ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 960
Average Banded in Spring: 32

Total Banded in Fall: 433
Average Banded in Fall: 15
Song: loud, slurred pee-a-wee and loud, whistled purree

​Description: Olive-gray above with white underparts sometimes tinted yellow. Dusky-white sides to breast mildly resembling a vest. Diffuse white wingbar. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Third wave, with birds first appearing in early May and the peak of total birds occurring May 18-28.  
​Fall Migration Timing: Fairly prolonged for a flycatcher with birds occurring from August into early October and the peak of total birds occurring September 9-26.  

Migration Habitat: Open forests and edges around meadows, ponds, and forest clearings. 
Picture
Picture
EAWP Spring/Fall
EAWP Spring/Fall
EAWP Spring/Fall
EAWP Spring/Fall
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris
Alpha Code: YBFL
Spanish: Mosquero de Vientre Amarillo
French: Moucherolle à ventre jaune

Band Size: 0A ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant

Total Banded in Spring: 3,345
Average Banded in Spring: 112

Total Banded in Fall: 607
Average Banded in Fall: 21
Song: flat, abrupt che-bunk and a quick whistled tu-wee

​Description: Yellow-olive above with yellowish underparts. Lemon-yellow to white eyering and wingbars. Male and female alike throughout the year.   

Spring Migration Timing: Third wave, with birds first appearing in mid-May and the peak of total birds occurring May 23 through
​June 1. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Sudden appearance around August 20 with birds lingering into early October, and the peak of total bird movement occurring August 27 through September 17.

Migration Habitat: Low- to mid-level forager of shaded areas in forests, undergrowth, and edges. 
Picture
Picture
YBFL Spring/Fall
YBFL Spring/Fall
YBFL Spring/Fall
YBFL Spring/Fall
Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens
Alpha Code: ACFL
Spanish: Mosquero Verdoso
French: Moucherolle vert

Band Size: 0A ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding-local

Total Banded in Spring: 828
Average Banded in Spring: 28

Total Banded in Fall: 19
Average Banded in Fall: <1
Song: explosive peet-seet or piz-za with the second syllable accented​

Description: Pale olive-green above with whitish underparts. Pale purple-tinged upper mandible and legs. Two whitish wingbars and whitish eyering. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Third wave, with birds first appearing in mid-May and the peak of total birds occurring May 22-31. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Low and sporadic with birds encountered late August through early October, and the bulk of birds occurring September 4-30. 

Migration Habitat: Shaded forests, favoring wet and swampy woods, and those near rivers and streams. Will move into the understory of drier forests to forage.  

Notes: NW Ohio is at the very northern edge of ACFL breeding range. Due to this, very few birds are banded in fall. 
Picture
Picture
ACFL Spring/Fall
ACFL Spring/Fall
ACFL Spring/Fall
ACFL Spring/Fall
Traill's Flycatcher (Willow and Alder) ​Empidonax traillii / alnorum
Alpha Code: TRFL, WIFL, ALFL
Spanish: Mosquero de Traill, Mosquero Saucero, Mosquero Ailero
French: Moucherolle de Traill, Moucherolle des saules, Moucherolle des aulnes

Band Size: 0A ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding (WIFL)

Total Banded in Spring: 8,954
Average Banded in Spring: 198

Total Banded in Fall: 173
Average Banded in Fall: 6
Song WIFL: wheezy fitz-bew
​

Song ALFL: burry fee-bee-o with the last note often inaudible, or free-beer!

​Description: WIFL and ALFL alike in appearance. Brownish-olive above with whitish underparts variably tinted yellow and dusky breast. Two whitish wingbars. Whitish eyering is variably thin to absent. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Third wave, with birds first appearing in mid-May and the peak of total birds occurring May 22-31. 
Fall Migration Timing: Early, with most birds departing by August. Lingerers depart by October, with the most movement of these late birds occurring August 21 through September 6.   
Migration Habitat: Brushy clearings and thickets, also along woodland edges. Willow preferring willows and potentially dry areas. Alder preferring alders and wet areas near marshes, streams, and ponds. 

Notes: WIFL and ALFL are only reliably identified by voice. While WIFL breed in Ohio and ALFL mostly breed north of Ohio, during migration, non-vocal birds could be either species regardless of habitat and should be listed as Traill’s Flycatcher, the name the two species shared when they were formerly considered one species. 
Picture
Picture
TRFL Spring/Fall
TRFL Spring/Fall
TRFL Spring/Fall
Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus
Alpha Code: LEFL
Spanish: Mosquero Mínimo
French: Moucherolle tchébec

Band Size: 0A ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding-rare

Total Banded in Spring: 2,975
Average Banded in Spring: 99

Total Banded in Fall: 210
Average Banded in Fall: 7
Song: short, dry che-bec accented on the second syllable ​

Description: Olive-gray above with whitish underparts and dusky breast. Two whitish wingbars. Conspicuous white eyering. Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Earlier than other Empid flycatchers, appearing in the second wave with the peak of total birds occurring May 10-19.  
​Fall Migration Timing: Sudden movement around August 20 with most birds departing by October. Peak movement of total birds occurring August 26 through September 15. 

Migration Habitat: Open woods and shade trees, typically along forest edges and clearings, and occasionally backyards. 
Picture
Picture
LEFL Spring/Fall
LEFL Spring/Fall
LEFL Spring/Fall
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe
Alpha Code: EAPH
Spanish: Papamoscas Fibí
French: Moucherolle phébi

Band Size: 0 ~ 1

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 152
Average Banded in Spring: 5

Total Banded in Fall: 670
Average Banded in Fall: 23
Song: clear fee-bee with a raspy end​

Description: Brownish-gray above with whitish underparts; head typically the darkest feature. Some birds in fall may show whitish wingbars and a yellow tint to the belly. Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Early, with birds first appearing in March and heavy movement ending by late April. Peak of total bird movement occurring April 10-22.  
​Fall Migration Timing: Fairly extensive with heavy movement in late August and lower consistent movement into late October. Bulk of total birds occurring August 27 through
​October 1. 

Migration Habitat: Variety of brushy habitats in clearings and along forest edges, particularly near water, but may also be found in backyards.

Notes: As a short-distance migrant (especially compared to other flycatchers) EAPH can appear very late in winter (before “spring” migration) and linger into early winter (after “fall” migration). 
Picture
Picture
EAPH Young in Juvenal Plumage Summer
EAPH Young in Juvenal Plumage Summer

Vireos ​Vireonidae

​About vireos in nw ohio
​Although similar in appearance to the warblers, vireos are stocky songbirds easily identifiable by their blue-gray legs and silvery bill with a small hook at the end. While not as heavily patterned or bright as other songbirds, vireos show much variation in eye color, plumage colors, and facial patterns. They are also quite vocal - even during summer - but because of their tendency to forage in dense or canopy vegetation, vireos are heard much more frequently than seen.

None of these hidden songsters winter in Ohio. Some may travel the short distance the Gulf states, but many others continue on to Central and South America. During migration in Northwest Ohio, vireos can appear in a variety of forested habitats and nearby clearings, preferring to move along the periphery of tree lines. 

Due to identical plumages between male and female, and much overlap in size, limited sexing data are available for each of the vireos presented. However, inspecting each species’ timing graph in spring (when movements between males and females of most bird species are more apparent) reveals some of the vireos showing bimodal peaks, suggesting timing differences between the sexes as in other songbirds.     
White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus
Alpha Code: WEVI
Spanish: Vireo de Ojo Blanco 
French: Viréo aux yeux blancs 

Band Size: 0 ~ 0A

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding-local

Total Banded in Spring: 347
Average Banded in Spring: 12

Total Banded in Fall: 30
Average Banded in Fall: 1
​​Song: mix of various emphatic jumbles, typically ending with a sharp note pick-up-a-real-chick!

Description: Overall olive-gray above with whitish underparts and yellow flanks. Two notable white wingbars. Adult birds sport a white eye surrounded by yellow “spectacles.” Although a temporary misnomer, young birds in fall - and occasionally in spring - have a dark gray eye. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Along with other overflight species, WEVI begin to arrive in mid- to late April, with the majority passing through between April 29 and May 14.
​Fall Migration Timing: Low and sporadic. An uncommon fall migrant, but the most that do pass through can arrive anywhere between August 30 and October 12.

Migration Habitat: Often found low in scrubby thickets and woodland edges.

Notes: At the very northern edge of their breeding range, most WEVI encountered in NW Ohio in spring are considered overflights. However, localized breeding does occur in the region and not all birds along the lake shore may be accidental overflights. 
Picture
Picture
WEVI Adult Spring/Fall
WEVI Adult Spring/Fall
WEVI Young Fall
WEVI Young Fall
Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons
Alpha Code: YTVI
Spanish: Vireo de Garganta Amarilla
French: Viréo à gorge jaune

Band Size: 1

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 55
Average Banded in Spring: 2

Total Banded in Fall: 20
Average Banded in Fall: <1
Song: relaxed assortment of hoarse phrases zeyoo… breeyoowit… wheeyay…

​Description: Olive-green above with gray towards the base of the tail, white below, and a notable amount of yellow on the throat and breast. Dark wings with white wingbars. Dark eyes are surrounded by yellow “spectacles.” Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Primarily second wave, with birds first arriving in late April, and the peak of total birds occurring May 3-14.
​Fall Migration Timing: Uncommon in fall, but numbers tend to peak from September 11-26.

Migration Habitat: A canopy forager of oaks and other woodland settings.

Notes: Data may not be truly reflective of the number of birds passing through the region as YTVI tend to remain in the canopy, outside the range of capture.  
Picture
Picture
YTVI Spring/Fall
YTVI Spring/Fall
YTVI Spring/Fall
YTVI Spring/Fall
Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius
Alpha Code: BHVI
Spanish: Vireo Solitario
French: Viréo à tête bleue

Band Size: 1 ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding-local

Total Banded in Spring: 671
Average Banded in Spring: 22

Total Banded in Fall: 306
Average Banded in Fall: 11
Song: clear, whistled notes given at a spaced-out rhythm suweet… seeoo… seeoowip…

​Description: Olive-green above with whitish underparts and yellow-green sides. White wingbars. Blue-gray head with a contrasting white throat, and white “spectacles” envelop a dark eye. Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Second wave, with many beginning to appear in mid-April’s first wave, and the peak of total birds occurring May 2-12. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Fairly late, with birds appearing by late August and early September, and peak numbers occurring from September 27 through October 12.

Migration Habitat: Mid-level to canopy forager of various forested areas including backyards.
Picture
Picture
BHVI Spring/Fall
BHVI Spring/Fall
BHVI Spring/Fall
BHVI Spring/Fall
Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus
Alpha Code: PHVI
Spanish: Vireo de Filadelfia
French: Viréo de Philadelphie

Band Size: 0 ~ 0A

NW Ohio Status: Migrant

Total Banded in Spring: 750
Average Banded in Spring: 25

Total Banded in Fall: 391
Average Banded in Fall: 13
Song: quick, clear whistles, highly similar to Red-eyed Vireo see-me? here-I-am! up-here. see-me? but typically higher pitched with longer pauses​

Description: Olive-gray above with notable yellow below, brightest on the throat and breast. White eyebrow contrasts with dark lores between the eye and base of the bill. Male and female alike throughout the year. 

Spring Migration Timing: Late second into third wave, with peak numbers occurring
​May 17-24.
Fall Migration Timing: Many begin to appear in late August, with peak numbers occurring September 13-26. 

Migration Habitat: Mid- to canopy-level forager of various wooded areas. 

Notes: Can be quite similar to WAVI, but note the darker lores and more defined facial pattern; extensive, centered yellow; and compact appearance. In spring and fall, peak numbers occur later than WAVI. 
Picture
Picture
PHVI Spring/Fall
PHVI Spring/Fall
PHVI Spring/Fall
PHVI Spring/Fall
WAVI (L), PHVI (R)
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus
Alpha Code: WAVI
Spanish: Vireo Gorjeador
French: Viréo mélodieux

Band Size: 0 ~ 1

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 754
Average Banded in Spring: 25

Total Banded in Fall: 1,322
Average Banded in Fall: 46 
Song: fast, high-intensity warble of throaty notes ​

Description: Drab gray above with whitish underparts. Pale face with white eyebrow and faint lores. Some birds may have a pale yellow wash below, usually restricted to the sides. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Second wave, with birds arriving notably by May 1, and peak numbers occurring from May 8-18.
​Fall Migration Timing: Birds make an obvious appearance by late August, with peak numbers showing from August 21 through September 6.

Migration Habitat: This mid- to canopy-level forager utilizes a wide range of wooded areas including urban parks and backyards.

Notes: Although often confused with PHVI, WAVI are generally much paler and uniform in color, and with a more elongated head profile. In spring and fall, peak numbers of WAVI occur before PHVI.
Picture
Picture
WAVI Spring/Fall
WAVI Spring/Fall
WAVI Spring/Fall
WAVI (L), PHVI (R)
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus
Alpha Code: REVI
Spanish: Vireo de Ojo Rojo
French: Viréo aux yeux rouges

Band Size: 1 ~ 0

NW Ohio Status: Migrant, Breeding

Total Banded in Spring: 5,204
Average Banded in Spring: 173

Total Banded in Fall: 1,846
Average Banded in Fall: 64
Song: clear whistled phrases similar to Philadelphia Vireo see-me? here-I-am! up-here. see-me? but lower pitched and quicker​

Description: Olive-green above with whitish underparts. Dark cap and eyeline border a white eyebrow. Adults with the namesake red eye, and younger birds showing a brown to brick-red eye. Male and female alike throughout the year.

Spring Migration Timing: Largely third wave, with notable numbers reaching NW Ohio
​May 17-28. 
​Fall Migration Timing: Relatively prolonged movement starting in late August through mid-October, with peak numbers occurring September 10-26. 

Migration Habitat: A canopy dweller of deciduous woodlands. Due to the extensive leaf cover of late May, REVI are often heard rather than seen.
Picture
Picture
REVI Spring/Fall
REVI Spring/Fall
REVI Spring/Fall
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The mission of the Black Swamp Bird Observatory is to inspire the appreciation, enjoyment, 
and conservation of birds and their habitats through research, education, and outreach.


We are located at the entrance of the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area
| 13551 W. State Route 2  |  Oak Harbor, Ohio 43449  |  419.898.4070  |